nik XXV t s II Ve Slovani, naša dediščina Uredili Judita Lux, Benjamin Štular in Katharina Zanier Our Heritage: The Slavs Edited by Judita Lux, Benjamin Štular and Katharina Zanier nik XXV t s II Ve Slovani, naša dediščina Uredili Judita Lux, Benjamin Štular in Katharina Zanier Our Heritage: The Slavs Edited by Judita Lux, Benjamin Štular and Katharina Zanier Kazalo / Index © Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije SLOVANI, NAŠA DEDIŠČINA / OUR HERITAGE, THE SLAVS Uredili / Edited by: Judita Lux, Benjamin Štular, Katharina Zanier Vestnik XXVII, 2018 Izdaja / Publisher: Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije / Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia Poljanska cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana Zanj / Publishing Executive: Jernej Hudolin Urednica zbirke / Editor of the Series: Biserka Ribnikar Vasle Uredili / Edited by: Judita Lux, Benjamin Štular, Katharina Zanier Angleški jezikovni pregled / English Proof-reading: Amidas d.o.o., Proof-reading-service.com Slovenski jezikovni pregled / Slovene Proof-reading: Alenka Kobler, Špela Križ Angleški prevod / English Translation: Amidas d.o.o. Slovenski prevod / Slovene Translation: Amidas d.o.o. Oblikovanje / Designed by: Nuit d.o.o. Tisk / Printing: Evrografis d.o.o. Naklada / Copies: 400 Ljubljana, 2018 Naslov uredništva / Editorial Office: Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije, Poljanska cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, E: biserka.ribnikar@zvkds.si http://www.zvkds.si/sl/knjiznica/vestnik Za vsebino in slikovno gradivo posameznih prispevkov so odgovorni izključno avtorji. The content and visual materials are the sole responsibility of the authors. CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 904(497.4)”653”(082) 930.85(497.4)”653”(082) 930.85(4-191.2)”653”(082) SLOVANI, naša dediščina = Our heritage: the Slavs / uredili Judita Lux, Benjamin Štular in Katharina Zanier = edited by Judita Lux, Benjamin Štular and Katharina Zanier ; [angleški prevod, slovenski prevod Amidas]. - Ljubljana : Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije = Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia, 2018. - (Vestnik / Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije ; 27) ISBN 978-961-6990-36-3 1. Vzp. stv. nasl. 2. Lux, Judita, 1975298780928 2 JERNEJ HUDOLIN Predgovor / Preface 7 BENJAMIN ŠTULAR, ANDREJ PLETERSKI Prolog. Zgodnjesrednjeveška arheologija jugovzhodnoalpskega prostora: nekoč, danes, jutri Prologue. Early Medieval archaeology in the South eastern Alpine area: past, present, future 8 11 ANNA KOTŁOWSKA, ŁUKASZ RÓŻYCKI The image of Slavs in the work of Theophylact Simocatta Podoba Slovanov v delu Teofilakta Simokata 16 MITJA GUŠTIN Raziskovanje preteklosti: zgodnjeslovanski naseljenci ob Muri Researching the past: early Slavic settlers along the river Mura 28 CHRISTOPH GUTJAHR Early medieval Slavs in Styria – A first archaeological search for traces Zgodnji Slovani na avstrijskem Štajerskem – prvo arheološko iskanje sledi 42 BRANKO KERMAN Arheološka slika slovanske poselitve Prekmurja Archaeological picture of the settlement of the Slavs in Prekmurje 55 LUKA BEKIĆ Early Slav pit houses in the area of the Mura, Drava and Sava river and attempt of their reconstruction Zgodnjeslovanske zemljanke v Pomurju, Podravju ter Posavju in poskus njihove rekonstrukcije 69 KATARINA UDOVČ Gorjanci, zakladnica arheoloških najdišč The Gorjanci Hills, a treasure trove of archaeological sites 77 PHILIP MASON The Empty Quarter: the Early Medieval period in south-eastern Slovenia in the light of recent research Prazen predel: zgodnjesrednjeveško obdobje v jugovzhodni Sloveniji v luči novejših raziskav 91 GABRIEL FUSEK Early Medieval Hillfort in Divinka, Northwestern Slovakia Zgodnjesrednjeveško gradišče v Divinki na severozahodnem Slovaškem 103 Naďa Profantová New archaeological evidences of traces of pagan rituals in Bohemia Novi arheološki dokazi sledi poganskih ritualov na Češkem 108 ANA ORNIK TURK Neobičajna dna zgodnjesrednjeveške in ostale srednjeveške lončenine Unusual bottoms of early medieval and other medieval pottery 123 ANDREJ MAGDIČ Zgodnjesrednjeveški pokopi z ostrogami na prostoru slovenskega Podravja Early medieval graves with spurs in the Slovene part of the Drava Basin 132 Vestnik XXVII Slovani, naša dediščina / Our Heritage: The Slavs 3 JIŘÍ MACHÁČEK, DAŠA PAVLOVIČ Spurs of the Bašelj type - evidence of the connection between Carniolan and Moravian elites in the Early Middle Ages Ostroge tipa Bašelj kot dokaz povezave med kranjskimi in moravskimi elitami v zgodnjem srednjem veku 140 ANDREJ PRELOŽNIK Od globalnega stila do lokalne noše: emajlirane zgodnjesrednjeveške fibule z živalskimi motivi z območja Slovenije From a global style to local fashion: Enameled early medieval fibulas with animal motifs from the territory of Slovenia 160 MILAN SAGADIN Odmevi karolinške in otonske umetnosti v zgodnjesrednjeveškem nakitu v Sloveniji Echoes of Carolingian and Ottonian art in early medieval jewellery in Slovenia 179 SOŇA HENDRYCHOVÁ Velikomoravski nakit s Ptuja The Great Moravian jewellery from Ptuj 199 4 Vestnik XXVII Slovani, naša dediščina / Our Heritage: The Slavs 5 Jiří Macháček, Daša Pavlovič Spurs of the Bašelj type - evidence of the connection between Carniolan and Moravian elites in the Early Middle Ages UDK/UDC: 903/904(497.4)”653” Abstract: The study deals with a new category of specific archaeological finds originating from the environment of the Slav elites of the Carolingian East. These are spurs of the Bašelj type, which had until recently been known only in the territory of present-day Slovenia. New excavations at Pohansko near Břeclav have yielded analogical artefacts from Moravia. They were uncovered in grave No. 105 at the newly discovered Great Moravian church at Pohansko near Břeclav. In the text the authors summarise the contacts between the Eastern Alps and Moravia and show the ways in which these exceptional objects could have travelled between the two regions. Keywords: Archaeology, Early Middle Ages, Carniola, Great Moravia, spurs, Pohansko near Břeclav, Gradišče above Bašelj Ostroge tipa Bašelj kot dokaz povezave med kranjskimi in moravskimi elitami v zgodnjem srednjem veku Izvleček: Raziskava se ukvarja z novo kategorijo posebnih arheoloških najdb, ki izvirajo iz okolja slovanskih elit na vzhodu Karolinškega cesarstva. To so ostroge tipa Bašelj, ki so bile še pred kratkim znane samo na ozemlju današnje Slovenije. V okviru novih izkopavanj na Pohanskem pri Břeclavu so se podobni predmeti pojavili tudi na Moravskem. Našli so jih v grobu št. 105 v nedavno odkriti velikomoravski cerkvi na Pohanskem pri Břeclavu. V prispevku avtorja povzemata stike med Vzhodnimi Alpami in Moravsko ter predstavljata, kako bi ti izjemni predmeti lahko potovali med območjema. Ključne besede: arheologija, zgodnji srednji vek, Kranjska, Velika Moravska, ostroge, Pohansko pri Břeclavu, Gradišče nad Bašljem Introduction Early medieval Moravia, Carniola and Carantania together constituted the eastern periphery of the Carolingian Empire. Regardless of frequent differences, we find some phenomena in their histories which suggest the existence of closer contacts between the Eastern Alps and the Moravian regions, manifested even in material culture. Our text seeks to highlight a new category of specific archaeological finds originating from the environment of the elites of the Carolingian East. They are spurs of the Bašelj type which had until recently only been known in the territory of present-day Slovenia. New excavations at Pohansko near Břeclav have yielded analogical artefacts from Moravia. It seems that in the Early Middle Ages the elites from the two regions were interconnected by a network of kinship, ownership and political bonds as a result of which some exclusive objects travelled between the two regions. Relationships between the territory of Moravia and today’s Slovenia in the Early Middle Ages based on historical sources When the Avar Khaganate was fatally weakened, at the turn of the 8th and the 9th century, after the military campaigns of Charlemagne, the process of its rapid disintegration began. Various groups of mainly Slav origin began to splinter off from the Khaganate, which was originally established as a polyethnic conglomerate whose cohesion was guaranteed by the figure of the Khagan and the strength of his military, political and sacral power. With this power gone, the Khaganate also disappeared. The Slav element in the Carpathian basin, especially at its margins and in the adjoining areas, was gaining in strength throughout the 8th century, when according to some the Slav language gradually Jiří Macháček, machacek@phil.muni.cz, Ústav archeologie a muzeologie, Filozofická fakulta, Masarykova univerzita / Department of Archaeology and Museology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Arna Nováka 1, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic Daša Pavlovič, Dasa.Pavlovic@nms.si, Narodni muzej Slovenije / National Museum of Slovenia, Prešernova 20, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 140 became prominent as the lingua franca of the entire region (Pohl 1988, 215, 224–225, 236, 325–326). Although this proposition has been strongly criticised by linguists in recent years (Snoj, Greenberg 2012, 283), it is a fact that on the periphery of the former Khaganate a new historical process started, the result of which was the emergence of new communities with a political identity of their own. Previously unknown ethnonyms such as Bohemians, Guduscani (Guduščani), Timochani (Timočani), Praedenecenti, Croats or Carantanians began to pop up in written sources. The new early medieval gentes also included Moravians, mentioned for the first time in the Annals of Fulda from 822, and Carniolans (Carniolenses), named in the same source from 820 (Štih 1995, 856). Despite the initial regionalisation and the widening differences, these people maintained (more passively than actively) something of a shared tradition, which was primarily manifested in the language and similar habitus. It may have also contributed to the feeling of belonging together, thanks to which they partly identified themselves against the surrounding nations of non-Slav origin (Štih 1995, 855; id. 2012, 167). An example may be Kocela (Chezil), governor of the Carolingian Pannonia of Slav origin, who by his own decision began to learn the Glagolitic script (glagolitsa) and Old Church Slavonic from Constantine and Methodius (Szöke 2014, 265). Apart from the cultural and linguistic relationship, the new gentes were also connected by political bonds, as together they formed a system of principalities which paid tribute to the Frankish Empire and simultaneously protected its eastern border (Pohl 1988, 326). At the same time, they maintained a certain degree of independence. The political structure which formed in Eastern Central Europe after the disintegration of the Khaganate was not very stable, and soon started to metamorphose from the 820s onwards. At that time the Slavs in the Eastern Alps lost their political independence and were integrated into the Frankish Empire. New counties were formed within their territory, governed directly by the Frankish comes (Štih 1995, 859; id. 2014, 46). In contrast to this, the Moravians managed to retain their political identity, although they also paid tribute to the Frankish kings and were formally their vassals for the entire period of existence of their domain (Pohl 1988, 327; Lysý 2014; Wihoda 2014, 67, 69; id. 2016, 149). The Slavs in the Eastern Alps did not form a single political unit (Štih 1995, 852). North of the Karawanken (Karavanke) range was the territory of Carantania, while south of this mountain range a new gens emerged, named after its territory – Carniolensis (Štih 1995, 857). In contrast to Carantania we have very few historical reports on Carniola. We are even unaware of the dynasty (genus ducale) which reigned there, if it existed at all. It is thought that the Carniolans may have been headed by Vojnomir the Slav (Wonomyrus Sclavus), who in 795 ravaged the Avar territory. But even that is not certain. Undoubtedly, they had their elite, who in later sources are called kosezi or župani (Štih 2000, 377–381). At any rate, a social elite of Slav origin is well-known from the surrounding regions. An example is Carolingian Pannonia, neighbouring in the east with Carantania and Carniolensis, which was, in the 9th century, controlled by the Slav magnates Pribina (Priwina) and Kocel (Chezil) from their residence in Zalavár (Mosapurc). The border point of this Pannonian duchy (ducatus) was probably Ptuj, situated in the east of present-day Slovenia (Wolfram 2012, 184). From the perspective of historical interpretation, the situation in Moravia is a little simpler, as we know both the ruling dynasty from written sources and the strata of the local elites on which the Mojmírid clan was based. They were referred to as principes, nobiles viri, optimates, knedzi or župane and their archaeological correlates are found in the richly furnished graves from the Great Moravian centres (Galuška 2014), or village cemeteries (Štefan 2011, 335–338). Although the historical trajectories of Carniola, Carantania and Moravia gradually diverged during the 9th century, we anticipate something of a close link between these lands. It was shown most clearly at the very end of the 9th century when probably one of the members of the Mojmírid dynasty settled in the territory of the former Carantania. This was Zwentipolch (Svatopluk), described as “progenie bonae nobilitatis exortus”, or man of noble birth and excellent pedigree. He appeared in Carinthia in 898, when he received there an extensive possession from Emperor Arnulf with its centre in Gurk. He stands at the root of the family tree of important Carinthian nobility. It is expected that he was related both to the Luitpold dynasty and the Mojmírids (Dopsch 1971, 134–135; id. 1988; Eichert 2012). It may be no coincidence that exactly at that time (in 899) the Bavarians withdrew the pretender whom they had supported from the struggle for the Moravian Duke’s Chair (Havlík 1963, 70). Historians today think that regardless of the small time shift, both events could be interconnected (although improper dating in some of the sources cannot be ruled out), and that the Moravian Svatopluk II is identical to the owner of the Carinthian Gurk (Macháček 2015, 483; Wihoda 2016, 154–155). The Mojmírids, and with them other families of Great Moravian origin (e.g. in Nitra Pribina/Priwina and his son Kocel/Chezil: Szöke 2010, 9), slowly integrated into the political system of the Carolingian Empire and formally became Bavarian nobility of Slav/Moravian origin, just as several decades earlier the Carantanians and Carniolenses did. They were bonded with the Bavarians and probably even among themselves by kinship, forming networks of a new social elite (Mitterauer 1960; Štih 2014, 49–51). Relationships between the territory of Moravia and today’s Slovenia in the Early Middle Ages based on archaeological finds Contacts between Moravians and Slavs from the Eastern Alps have been traditionally documented by archaeologists with finds of jewellery of foreign provenance. Within Moravian territory they were mainly earrings of the so-called “Köttlach” or “Carantanian” type identified at the cemetery in Dolní Věstonice in South Moravia by Josef Poulík as early as 1950 (Poulík 1948–1950, 79; id. 1950, 24, 31). His conclusions were recently thoroughly reviewed by Šimon Ungerman, whereby he convincingly confirmed that the origins of jewellery from Dolní Věstonice were more varied than had been expected. However, the centre of the occurrence of some types which appeared in Moravia in the 9th century – such as earrings with two globes one above the other (so-called Krungl type) – really was situated in the Eastern Alps region interlinked with South Moravia via the Austrian Danube basin, where they are also encountered. Nevertheless, the infrequent group of the pieces of jewellery Vestnik XXVII Slovani, naša dediščina / Our Heritage: The Slavs 141 does not indicate massive migration from the Eastern Alp region to South Moravia as researchers used to propose earlier, but rather testifies to the existence of a single “communication space” within which ideas, artefacts and people circulated along the eastern margin of the Frankish Empire (Ungerman 2016, 181–184, 215–216). In a similar way we might explain the finds of a splendid piece of female jewellery from the cemetery in Ptuj in Slovenia, which does not belong to the Eastern Alps but to the adjacent Pannonian region. The finds comprised several items of the pieces of jewellery that Paola Korošec identified as the Veligrad type and attributed to them Great Moravian origin (Korošec 1966; id. 1996; id. 1999). She even connected the richest grave No. 355 with the hypothetical wife of Kocel/Chezil, son of Pribina from Nitra, who after his father ruled over the Pannonian centre in Zalavár and hence Ptuj. However, this interpretation is too speculative. As Soňa Hendrychová recently showed, close analogies of the Ptuj jewellery are also found beyond Great Moravia and Zalavár, for example in Croatia (Hendrychová 2015). The finds from Ptuj therefore confirm both the circulation of particular people but most importantly a smoothly operating network which involved the social elites of the Frankish or Bavarian East. In our opinion the same kind of explanation can be used for the newly identified group of artefacts originating from the milieu of top social strata from Carniola and Moravia sometime at the end of the 9th century. They are spurs of the Bašelj type recently uncovered both in Slovenia and in Great Moravian Pohansko near Břeclav (Figure 1). The find of spurs of the Bašelj type at Pohansko near Břeclav (Moravia) Pohansko near Břeclav – one of the most important centres of Great Moravia – is located in the south-eastern part of the Czech Republic, not far from the Czech–Austrian border and close to the confluence of the Morava and Dyje rivers. The site is in a flood plain enclosed by the oxbow lakes of the Dyje. Pohansko has been the subject of systematic research ever since the first excavations were carried out there in 1958 by a team from Masaryk University in Brno. Over thirty-five acres have been excavated so far, both at the site and in its hinterland; more than 1,300 larger settlement features and 1,000 inhumations have produced a bewildering quantity and variety of artefacts (including, but by no means restricted to, such objects as five swords, twenty-two gold and a large number of silver earrings, five stirrups, dozens of spurs, silk imprints, etc.). The results of this systematic research have been duly published, and a relatively abundant body of literature on Pohansko is now in existence, including nine monographs and over one hundred studies and other papers (Macháček 2011). The latest research activities here started in the north-eastern suburb after the unexpected and surprising discovery of an early medieval rotunda, which is the second Early Mediaeval church to be uncovered at Pohansko (Macháček et al. 2014). The new research activities in the north-eastern suburb can be divided into three main excavation areas – the Great Moravian rotunda, the church cemetery and the adjoining residential and/ or manufacturing precinct of the entire settlement area. There was an extensive cemetery situated around the rotunda 142 where 152 graves were gradually uncovered in the course of five campaigns (Macháček et al. 2016). They were relatively well preserved, also thanks to the fact that after the collapse of the early medieval centre Pohansko was not resettled. The most important discovery awaited us in the interior of the rotunda. Two men from the category of adultus (20–35 years) and senilis (over 55 years) and three children aged 18 months to 12 years were laid under the floor of the existing building (Figure 2). The present state of knowledge allows us to state that an elite group of people initially probably headed by the old man buried in the rotunda lived and buried their dead in the north-eastern suburb at the end of the 9th and possibly in the first decades of the next century. The man could have originally been the governor of a ducal castle, surrounded by members of his familia. This man could have been in possession of some landed property and real estate, such as possibly the curtis in the suburb, but certainly the church in which he was himself buried. Artefacts were found in the cemetery around the rotunda at Pohansko in 66 graves, which represent 43% of all 154 burials. However, we can mark objects from only 61 graves (39.6 %) as intentional gifts or part of the costume of the deceased individual, supposing we disregard more or less random finds from the grave pit fill. The most valuable finds include jewellery – in particular earrings. In the church cemetery of the north-eastern suburb at Pohansko we found 38 earrings, or temple rings, 18 of them made of silver and 20 of bronze (in five cases gilded bronze), originating from 16 graves. From the typological-chronological and material point of view the earrings can be classified into three groups: magnificent silver or bronze gilded jewellery of the so-called Veligrad type (earlier also described as Byzantine-Oriental), simpler bronze jewellery of the Danubian type and silver temple rings. Typical Great Moravian jewellery is represented by globular buttons/gombiks. Men’s grave goods tend to include weapons and parts of riding gear. Among the important Great Moravian necropolises, the cemetery at the rotunda in the northeastern suburb at Pohanska is somewhat below average with regard to such finds. None of the graves yielded a sword and militaria is represented solely by two axes (Macháček et al. 2016, 65–139). In three graves the spurs were originally situated in a functional position on the feet of the dead. They were complemented by metalwork from the spur belt fittings. In one other grave the spurs were laid out of their working position. According to the traditional scheme, the spurs from the cemetery near the rotunda can be classified into two basic categories: the majority belong to the common type IA (9th century) according to Darina Bialeková (Bialeková 1977, 132), but one pair represents a chronologically important group of spurs with long pricks (Dostál 1966, 76–77; Kavánová 1976, 54–60). Spurs with pricks of extraordinary length (4.3–5 cm) from grave H 105 in the north-eastern suburb at Pohansko are exceptional in other aspects as well. In the grave they were combined with a nomadic axe. Apart from the prick set into the arch of the yoke, which is the longest of all the Great Moravian examples known to us, they also feature unique plates (ends of yokes) of slim shield-like or triangular shape, decorated with moulded ribs. Strap ends of a similar form obviously made up a single set with the spurs, and were made together with them. The spurs from Grave H 105 in the north-eastern suburb of Pohansko are exceptional in other respects too. They were the only ones in the cemetery to have the rivets backed up with washers of non-ferrous sheet metal, and as the X-ray image shows, even rings of filigree wire (Figure 3–5). So far there has not been any parallel known from Great Moravian territory. We have, however, good analogies in Slovenia – from the hillfort at Gradišče above Bašelj and from Gradišče above Trebenče. Because of the first discovery of this particular type of spurs we call them the Bašelj type. The find of spurs of the Bašelj type in Slovenia The eponymous site at Gradišče above Bašelj yielded three examples of the type of spurs under discussion (Cat. Nos. 1 and 2: inv. Nos. S 2903, S 2904, Cat. Nos. 3 and 4: inv. Nos. S 2832, S 2803). In addition, the finds incorporated a belt loop with a triangular widening, having a similar form and decoration to the plates of the spurs, probably originating from a single set of equestrian equipment. Gradišče above Bašelj is one of the most important early medieval sites in Slovenia (Knific 2007; Karo, Mlekuž 2015). It is situated at the foot of Mount Storžič on a naturally protected elevation at 873 m above sea level, above the Bašelj municipality north of Kranj. The archaeological site extends over an area of approximately 100 x 50 m. The upper part of the stronghold is rocky and it descends in terraces towards the south (Figure 6). The settlement was fortified by a wall on three sides, the eastern side being delimited by the steep wall of the Pekel gorge (Knific 1999, 55). Thanks to the attractive and plentiful finds the site has drawn attention since the beginning of the 20th century. The first systematic excavations were carried out there by the custodian of the National Museum of Slovenia, Dr Rajko Ložar, in 1939 (Ložar 1939, 195–200; Knific 1999, 56–62). Since in the 1990s the danger of illegal treasure hunters with metal detectors became more imminent, the ZRC SAZU institute initiated new mapping of the site in 1992. In 1998 archaeological field research was launched on the site by the National Museum of Slovenia under the leadership of Dr Timotej Knific (Knific 1999, 63). The results of the research have so far only been published in a preliminary report (Knific 1999), while complete evaluation of all finds is currently in preparation. Nevertheless, a number of the artefacts from Gradišče above Bašelj have already been processed and published a number of times, mainly in works by Timotej Knific (1999) and Špela Karo (Karo 2007; Karo, Mlekuž 2015). Earlier and more recent research has established that it is a Late Antiquity hill-top fortified settlement from the 5th and 6th centuries destroyed by fire. It was settled again in the Early Middle Ages, probably as a fortress protecting a strategic point or the position of power of the military aristocracy of early medieval Carniola (today Kranjska). In our opinion we cannot exclude a spiritual function of the place which might have been similar to Klášťov in Moravia or Bojná in Slovakia, where in a particular period numerous hoards and individual objects used to be deposited in the locations of earlier, prehistoric and early medieval fortifications (Pieta et al. 2006; Geisler, Kohoutek 2014). This also applied to Gradišče above Bašelj where frequent metal artefacts – mainly parts of harnesses, stirrups, spurs, strap ends and unique censers – were stashed away in the Early Middle Ages. Some of these objects were made to a high standard of workmanship, including gilding and tin plating (Knific 2007, 317–322). Based on typological analysis of the items and radiocarbon dating (790–990 AD with 95% reliability) these Early Medieval finds belong to the 9th and up to the first half of the 10th century (Karo 2012, 309; Karo, Mlekuž 2015, 257). Although the finds of the spurs from Gradišče above Bašelj were studied back in the 1950s by Jože Kastelic (Kastelic 1952–53, 104–105), all of the three representatives of the new type were uncovered much later during professional excavation in 1998. The most illustrious example is a pair of spurs inv. Nos. S 2903 and S 2094 (Cat. Nos. 1 and 2). They were part of a hoard uncovered by Timotej Knific inside the settlement during the excavation (Knific 2011, 86–87, 89–90, 91, 95). Even the details are identical to items from Pohansko near Břeclav. They have similar decoration of the plates, yokes and pricks with moulded ribs, and the same shape and length of the prick (4.2–4.4 cm). The unique shield-like or triangular plates with three rivets in a crosswise groove are also identical (Knific 2011, 91; Karo 2012, 330–331) (Figure 7–8). Gradišče above Bašelj yielded another spur with a long prick and triangular plates, which was broken into two parts (inv. No. S 2832, cat. No. 3; inv. No. S 2803, cat. No. 4). Unlike the spurs above, it was not decorated (Figure 7, 9–10). It was found in the destruction (fire) layer in a test dig at the western gate of the settlement. The belt loop with a triangular widening (inv. No. S 2714, cat. No. 5) comes from the debris layer (Figure 11). The group of finds that this article deals with includes the find of a spur from the Gradišče above Trebenče site (kept in the National Museum of Slovenia, inv. No. S 3420). Although the spur was dug out by an amateur treasure hunter, the find context is relatively well known (Knific, Nabergoj 2016, fig. 101). Trebenče is a municipality situated 460 m above sea level in the Cerkno Hills. It lies on the northern slope of the Zapoška stream valley, 2 km north of Cerkno (Oražen Adamič et al. 1995). North of the village high above the Zapoška stream valley is the location called Gradišče (v Gradišah), where a rural farmstead is situated (kmetija pri Gradišarju) (Savnik 1968, 80). Davorin Vuga described this location as an undulating plain, which ends in a steep crevice in the southeast and a hardly visible dry stonewall lining the edge of a wood in the north. On the southern edge of the platform are elevations where the local inhabitants quarried stone. Standing on a rock spur southwest of the platform is Saint Judoc’s Church. According to local legend a pot full of gold was found there (Vuga 1979, 345–346). The National Museum of Slovenia acquired the spur from Gradišče above Trebenče together with other objects of a similar age. Within a broader framework they can be dated to the Carolingian period (from the 9th to the 10th century). All the objects were uncovered within a relatively small area extending south of Saint Judoc’s Church. The objects were dispersed over two smaller elevations separated by a depression (Figure 12). The finds clearly tended to be more concentrated in the depression and it is there that the spur with inv. No. S 3420 originates (Figure 13). In 2004 Timotej Knific and Polona Bitenc specified the topography in greater detail when they surveyed the ditch after the illegal treasure hunter in the depression. Hence, the location of the finds is relatively reliable. Vestnik XXVII Slovani, naša dediščina / Our Heritage: The Slavs 143 By its structure the set of finds from the Carolingian period from this site is very similar to the finds from Gradišče above Bašelj. The prevalent items are arrowheads with wings and a socket, some with a twisted neck. The artefacts can be classified into several groups by their function: part of rider’s equipment and horse tackle (spurs, stirrups, strap dividers and horseshoes), weapons (arrowheads and knife sheath fittings), tools (saw, adze, hammer, pincers and knives) and objects of everyday use (pan with handle, bucket handles, keys, strike-a-light and jingle-bells). Dating of the spurs of the Bašelj type For the dating of the spurs of the Bašelj type grave 105 from Pohansko near Břeclav is of particular significance (Macháček et al. 2016, 140–169). Grave H 105 of a juvenile individual combines two late elements – a Magyar war axe/fokos and spurs with a very long prick (Figure 3–4). The small axe testifies to the penetration of nomadic cultural elements into the Great Moravian environment, which could not have happened earlier than at the end of the 9th or beginning of the 10th century, but probably even a little later. Its form and size makes it significantly different from the battle axes of the Great Moravians. It has a very short blade, but a relatively high trapezoid body and a straight symmetrical edge. The axe’s length is merely 10.6 cm. X-ray imaging revealed that it was richly decorated on the surface. Given its shape and dimensions we might call it fokos – a specific type of nomadic axe. From the 10th century onwards weapons of a similar nature appeared in Eastern Europe or even further where they travelled together with Euro-Asian nomads. Geographically the closest parallels to axes with a short trapezoid body can be found among the archaeological heritage of the Carpathian basin, where they are considered weapons from the period of the Magyar conquest of the land (Kouřil 2006; id. 2008). In Moravia a similar item occurred in grave 786 in Mikulčice. This axe was almost equal in size (length: 10.8 cm) to the weapon from the north-eastern suburb (Kouřil 2006, 69, 74). Pavel Kouřil assumes that these objects from the nomadic cultural circle penetrated into some Great Moravian centres before the downfall of Great Moravia, some time at the end of the 9th and the beginning of the 10th century (Kouřil 2008, 117–118). Magyar axes from the eastern Tisza basin have a similar shape. Their body is usually very short and trapezoid, either with a straight or curved edge. Based on the accompanying finds from the graves they are dated to the beginning of the 10th century, but they could have occurred up until the year 1000. Compared to the fokos from Pohansko they have a different butt, which is extended into a long blade, terminating in a short edge. As a result they are termed “Nackenblattäxte” (Fodor 1981, 153, 155, 164; Kovács 1989, 172, 176; Révész 2007, 309, 322–324). Outside the Carpathian basin territory these weapons have been found at two locations – at the Gars-Thunau stronghold in Austria and at Stará Kouřim in Bohemia. At Gars the nomadic axe was uncovered in grave 76 together with a set of two magnificent knives, decorated on the blade with non-ferrous metal inlays, a granulated silver globular button (gombik), a bronze ring and 144 most significantly, spurs with an extended prick (prick length: 3.6 cm). With the assistance of the radiocarbon method the grave has been dated to the end of the 9th century. It is among the three richest male graves in the cemetery from a magnate’s court where members of the local elite were interred. This is confirmed by a fragment of silk velvet cloth. Elisabeth Nowotny classifies the axe into the group of nomadic warrior axes from the Magyar environment (Nowotny 2018, 91–93; id. 2013, 444–456). According to Miloš Šolle, the axe from grave 79 from the ducal cemetery at Stará Kouřim was also linked to the Magyar environment, at least on the conceptual level. It had a short shovel-like body and a very long butt, which was pointed, and served rather for stabbing than cutting. In the grave, it was combined with a Moravian bearded axe and spurs with a long prick (see above). From the stratigraphic relationships the grave belongs to the later layer of the cemetery. Based on the spurs it is dated to the first half of the 10th century, probably to the twenties or the thirties (Šolle 1959, 390–396). The finds of nomadic axes from Pohansko, Mikulčice and other sites in Slovakia, Austria and Bohemia prove that some time at the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 10th century elements of nomadic culture penetrated into the Slav environment and were also adopted by members of the local elite. The equipment of the warrior buried in grave H 105 at the rotunda combined both eastern/Magyar elements (so-called fokos), and those of Eastern Alps provenance represented by spurs with plates and their belt fittings. As a result a remarkable syncretism of cultural influences from different corners of Eastern Central Europe developed at the eastern margin of the Late Carolingian Empire at the turn of the 9th and the 10th centuries. The late dating of grave H 106 is underpinned by the form of spurs of the Bašelj type with extreme pricks up to 5 cm long. This is quite common in spurs from the 10th century in Bohemia and Germany, but very unusual in Great Moravian examples from the 9th century. Spurs having similar parameters are so far unknown at any Great Moravian site (Figure 14). The lengthening of the prick is an obvious and temporally determined trend (Kavánová 1976, 54–60; Gabriel 1984, 126; Goßler 1998, 529; Kouřil, Tymonová 2013, 143). This parameter has undoubtedly great importance for the dating of early medieval spurs, although this development should in no way be taken as a linear process (Kind 2002, 288). Around the year 900 the extended prick was to have reached a length of 3.0 to 3.3 cm (Gabriel 1984, 126). The spurs excavated from grave H 105, where pricks measured 4.3–5 cm, extend far beyond this limit. Therefore, we can undoubtedly consider them a clear representative of another elementary type – spurs with long pricks (Dostál 1966, 76–77; Kavánová 1976, 54–60). Spurs with a prick longer than 4 cm do not belong to the Carolingian but to the Ottonian world. The standard length of the prick in the 10th century varied somewhere around 5 cm (Goßler 1998, 511; Kind 2002, 288). And it is these parameters that spurs from the Bohemian sites in the 10th century exhibit. The oldest known example of spurs with a long prick in Bohemia is from Stará Kouřim (Šolle 1966, 259, fig. 43). It is a pair from grave 49a (prick length 5.5 cm), which was superimposed over a grave with jewellery of the Great Moravian tradition (Mařík 2009, 133), and, above all, spurs of a boy (grave No. 79) from a later layer of the Kouřim cemetery (prick length 4.3 cm), where they appeared in a single set together with a Magyar axe (Profantová 2013, 61). This combination is surprisingly similar to what we know from grave H 105 at Pohansko (see above), where spurs with a long prick were also combined with a nomadic axe (Šolle 1966, 150, 262–263, fig. 38). The spurs from grave H 105 at Pohansko differ from the Bohemian examples from the 10th century by their plates, both in their shape and greater size. However, in Europe we also know of examples of spurs with a long prick and large plates – e.g. spurs from the Wallburg-Gaulskopf stronghold near Warburg-Ossendorf or from Basel (Best 1997, 170–172). Surprisingly, grave H 105, which based on a typologicalchronological point of view appears to be one of the latest on the entire site, belongs to the earlier graves within the group of graves dated by the radiocarbon method (Figure 15). But the radiocarbon data does not exclude the possibility that the young man buried there could have died as late as the 10th century. Given the shape of the calibration curve it could have been within the interval of the years 875–903 cal AD (25.1 %) or 918–965 cal AD (39.0%) at a probability level of 68.2%. The dating of the spurs of the Bašelj type is also supported by artefacts from Slovenian sites, although their find context was not ideal. The majority of the early medieval objects from Gradišče above Bašelj were found in a massive destruction (fire) layer overlying earlier Late Antiquity ruins, where it is impossible to identify earlier and later artefacts from the find context. A better understanding of the chronological development of the site is also prevented by the numerous illegal digs left behind by treasure hunters. As a result most of the finds are dated there to the entire long interval of the existence of the settlement or based on analogies from other sites. The oldest early medieval finds from Gradišče above Bašelj include e.g. Carolingian strap ends (Karo 2012, 453, cat. No. 456) or a fragment of an iron stirrup with a twisted neck (Karo 2012, 454, cat. No. 416). Both artefacts appear from as early as the end of the 8th century. However, the greater part of the objects evaluated so far fall into the period from the beginning of the 9th to the middle of the 10th century (Karo 2012, 309). The other finds from Gradišče above Bašelj, such as pieces of jewellery or other parts of attire (e.g. needles and jingle-bells), glass, instruments for cloth weaving or wool processing, parts of the inner furnishing of houses or aids for personal hygiene are of similar age (Veršnik 2009, 63–67). Other rare finds, e.g. a bit (horse tack – see below) or the head of a Petersen type X sword, suggest that the site survived into the 10th century, possibly even the 11th century (Veršnik 2009, 65; Karo 2012, 307; Karo, Knific 2015, 289, 290, 293) The pair of spurs of the type under discussion from the eponymous site was part of a hoard (Knific 2011, 86–87, 89–90, 91, 95), together with one IAa type stirrup according to A. Bartošková (Bartošková 1986, 8–9, 81–83), or I/2 type according to A. Ruttkay, who dates it to the 9th century (Ruttkay 1976, 353), and a complete bit with rod-shaped moulded sidepieces. Typologically identical sidepieces were also found at Pohansko in the southern suburb and in the ruins of the rotunda in the north-eastern suburb, not far from grave H 105 (Vignatiová 1992, 62–64; Macháček et al. 2014, 104–105). They belong to the 2nd variant of sidepieces according to A. Ruttkay (Ruttkay 1976, 357), who primarily connects them with the Magyar environment (Trensentypus I-2), although earlier occurrence cannot be ruled out. In Moravia they were also found in Troubky, Staré Město near Uherské Hradiště and in Mikulčice (Kouřil 2008, 119–120). We assume that it is not necessary to date the hoard to the broad interval from the end of the 8th to the beginning of the 10th century, as had been done by Špela Karo given the age of the whole site (Karo 2012, 301), but the period of its burial in the ground can be narrowed down to the first half of the 10th century. Given the local conditions at the second Slovenian site – Gradišče above Trebenče – from where the other spur of the Bašelj type originates, this find is also impossible to date more precisely. An amateurish approach to excavation by the treasure hunter prevents interpreting the site both from a chronological and a functional point of view. More exact dating is only possible based on analogies from other territories where we have complete and professionally investigated find contexts from the Carolingian period available. The first to date the Gradišče above Trebenče site was Špela Karo, based on artefacts from the 9th and the first half of the 10th century (Karo 2007, fig. 68). However, Špela Karo did not examine the spur under discussion any more closely. She paid greater attention to the round stirrups from the site (Karo 2004, fig. 7, 170, 172; inv. No. S 3428). In her classification of stirrups from the territory of present-day Slovenia she assigned them to type 5, representatives of which are known, for example, from the sites of Tabor near Tomaj and Gradišče above Vintarjevec (Karo 2007, 197). According to Alexander Ruttkay (Ruttkay 1976, 353–354) round stirrups of this type occur primarily in Eastern Europe. The examples from Gradišče above Trebenče belong to Ruttkay’s type IV and are commonly encountered in Magyar graves from the 10th to the beginning of the 11th century. Within the territory of present-day Slovenia, round stirrups do not occur in graves. All were found in strongholds. Unfortunately, in most of them we do not know the find context from which they originate. The above-mentioned concentration of objects in the depression on the Gradišče above Trebenče site thus remains the only more precisely described find context. It is likely that in this case they are the remains of a single hoard. Thanks to this discovery the finds from Gradišče above Trebenče can be compared with sites from the Balkans where typologically similar stirrups occurred in hoards of iron objects from hilltop settlement (Bugarski, Ivanišević 2013). Round stirrups, similar to the examples from Gradišče above Trebenče, were parts of the hoards from Rujkovac in South Serbia and Streževo in South Macedonia (Bugarski, Ivanišević 2013, fig.1: 5; fig. 3: 9, 11, 19). Ivan Bugarski and Vujadin Ivanišević date these wartime hoards from the second half of the 10th to the mid-11th century. Interestingly, some of the published Balkan hoards, e.g. Gamzigrad, Ada Ciganlija, Jelica or Pontesa and Devič, are similar in structure to the Slovenian finds. Bugarski and Ivanišević also highlighted the similarity between the structure of the hoards of iron objects from the central Balkans with the other hoards from Southeast Europe, as published, for example, by Joachim Henning (Henning 1987, fig. 12) and Florin Curta (Curta 1997; id. 2011), whereby they dated them from the 8th to the 10th century. After all, the hoards with iron objects from Slovenian territory are dated in a similar way (Bitenc, Knific 2015, 121). However, it now seems that at least a part of the Balkan (and probably even Slovenian) hoards is a little younger. The important aspects for the later dating of the hoards from the central Balkans (second half of the 10th century to the mid11th century) are not just the round stirrups with good analogies Vestnik XXVII Slovani, naša dediščina / Our Heritage: The Slavs 145 in Magyar and Bulgarian sites, but equally bits of the Csorna type or the procession cross from the Streževo hoard (Bugarski, Ivanišević 2013, fig. 2). Gradišče above Trebenče also yielded a bucket handle (Karo 2007, fig. 68: 14), analogies of which appeared in the Gamzigrad I hoard where they were accompanied by a sword cross-guard dated to the 10th and the 11th centuries (Bugarski, Ivanišević 2013, 137, 146, fig. 134: 112). Pointing towards a later dating of Gradišče above Trebenče is the find of a rod-like socket, which is reminiscent of parts of an arrow quivers that we know from graves of the Magyar period (Karo 2007, 186–187, fig. 168: 113). According to all of the analogies it seems that the dating of the artefacts from Gradišče above Trebenče is a little broader than used to be assumed. It falls within the period from the 9th to the mid-11th century. The spur of the Bašelj type which originally may have been found in the vicinity of the round stirrup and might have been part of the same hoard can therefore be dated to the 10th century, just as it is at Pohansko near Břeclav. This conclusion can be elaborated in greater detail after the publication of all finds from the site under discussion. If we summarise the data presented above, we will arrive at the relatively convincing conclusion that the spurs of the Bašelj type were used in the territory of Moravia and Carniola in the 10th century, most likely in its first half. Social aspects of the find of spurs of the Bašelj type in Moravia Grave H 105 in the north-eastern suburb of Pohansko was used to inter a juvenile individual furnished, apart from the spurs of the Bašelj type with a complete set of belt fittings and a nomadic axe, with two knives, which make it the richest male grave from the whole cemetery. The young warrior was clad in linen and woollen cloths (Březinová, Přichystalová 2014, 167, 169). Within the cemetery at the 2nd church at Pohansko grave H 105 enjoyed a special position. In addition to the gifts this is supported by its location in the necropolis (Figure 2). It was part of a group of four graves (group M), situated in the middle of an empty space in the farthest southern end of the cemetery enclosure (Macháček et al. 2016, 177–179). The area free of any graves which surrounded group M may have been related to the pathway passing through the cemetery towards the rotunda. Neighbouring grave H 105 is the grave of a child (infans Ib), which contained a pair of gilded and decorated globural buttons (gombiks). Identical gombiks were found in the north-eastern suburb at Pohansko with only two buried individuals. They must have belonged to the category of luxury jewellery. In addition, the group comprised the burial of an older woman and a child from the infans Ia category interred in the fill of the grave of the young warrior. The (adults’) grave pits of the discussed group are some of the deepest in the entire cemetery (average depth of 64 cm), and are distinguished from the majority by a slightly different orientation – they are a little more deviated to the south. No wood or stone were used in their construction. With regard to finds they are relatively rich graves. It is all the more surprising that this group is separated in the corner of the cemetery enclosure at a great distance from the church. Given the 146 finds of foreign provenance in grave H 105, we assume that the people may have been integrated into the local community, but differed in their origin. They could have been exiles or refugees from remote areas or noble hostages as commonly appeared in the courts of Moravian dukes (such a hostage from the Eastern March was, for example, Isanrik, son of Arbo: cf. Wihoda 2016, 153). Alternatively, they could have been repatriates returning from abroad. They may have retained their original social status, but they did not become fully-fledged members of the familia of the church founder and the lord of the adjacent court. As a result they were not buried next to the church, in the space reserved for the closest relatives of the church’s founder and owner, but in a remote corner of the Christian cemetery. Conclusion The young man buried in grave No. 105 at the newly uncovered Great Moravian church at Pohansko near Břeclav was equipped with a special type of spur. The closest analogy comes from early medieval Carniola – the land of the Eastern Alp Slavs – where they occur in a greater number in at least two sites – Gradišče above Bašelj and Gradišče above Trebenče. In other parts of Central Europe we have not recorded similar spurs so far. We therefore assume that the spurs were made in the Eastern Alps, some time at the beginning of the 10th century. The way they travelled from the territory of the Eastern Alp Slavs to Great Moravian Pohansko is unknown to us and we can only speculate about it. A valid point has been proposed by the Czech historian Martin Wihoda, who after a repeated study of the written sources comes forward with the idea that the Moravian ruling dynasty of the Mojmírids need not have died out at the beginning of the 10th century as had been thought until now. The kinship bonds in Eastern Bavaria, Carinthia and around Salzburg formed a safety net for them which saved them and provided a “new” lease of life for the Moravian dukes after the collapse of their domain. It is also possible that some individuals from their surroundings attempted a return to their old homeland in Moravia and brought with them the spurs which were finally buried in a grave at Pohansko near Břeclav (Wihoda 2016, 157–158). Neither is the fact that in Moravia and Slovakia spurs of the Bašelj type are variously combined with objects of Magyar origin ( fokos or round stirrups) surprising. For a certain period Slav warriors co-operated with the newly arriving nomads, and with their help they also attempted to thwart the power status quo in Eastern Central Europe. This is confirmed, for example, by Moravians and Magyars joining forces in campaigns against the Bavarians at the beginning of the 10th century (Kouřil 2016, 105). In the end, after a short and turbulent period, former allies became deadly enemies. But that is part of another history. Catalogue of spurs of the Bašelj type 1. Gradišče above Bašelj (SLO), National Museum of Slovenia, inv. No. S 2903: iron spur, complete; parabolic yoke of pentagonal cross-section; yoke terminating in plates of triangular shape; on the plates in the spot where they join the yoke there are 3 rivets with washers of bronze sheet metal in a cross-wise groove; long prick of orthogonal cross-section is conically terminated; prick and yoke of the spurs decorated with oblique moulded ribs; dimensions: max. length 14.8 cm; max. width 10.5 cm; prick length 4.4 cm (Figure 7, 8). 2. Gradišče above Bašelj (SLO), National Museum of Slovenia, inv. No. S 2904: iron spur, complete; parabolic yoke of pentagonal cross-section; yoke terminating in plates of triangular shape; on the plates in the spot where they join the yoke there used to be 3 rivets with washers of bronze sheet metal in a cross-wise groove; long prick of orthogonal cross-section is conically terminated; prick and yoke of the spurs decorated with oblique moulded ribs; dimensions: max. length 15.2 cm; max. width 10.2 cm; prick length 4.2 cm (Figure 7, 8). 3. Gradišče above Bašelj (SLO), National Museum of Slovenia, inv. No. S 2832: iron spur, incomplete, right-hand part of the yoke with plate missing; parabolic yoke of pentagonal cross-section; surviving end of yoke terminating in plate of triangular shape with two rivets in the spot where the plate joins the yoke; external top of plates reinforced; long prick is smooth, polygonal crosssection, spur not decorated, only in the spot where prick joins yoke two small moulded rolls; dimensions: max. length 15.4 cm, prick length 3.92 cm (Figure 7, 9, 10). 4. Gradišče above Bašelj (SLO), National Museum of Slovenia, inv. No. S 2803: part of iron spur; fragment of right-hand part of yoke; part of yoke terminating in triangular plate with two rivets in the spot where plate joins yoke; external top of plates reinforced; spur not decorated; dimensions: fragment length 5.9 cm, plate width 2.15 cm. Fragment belongs to incomplete spur inv. No. S 2832 (Figure 7). 5. Gradišče above Bašelj (SLO), National Museum of Slovenia, inv. No. S 2714: iron belt loop; belt loop has triangular form, decorated with oblique moulded ribs, loop soldered with copper solder; dimensions: length 2.25 cm, width 1.81 cm, height 1.53 cm (Figure 7, 11). 6. Gradišče above Trebenče (SLO), National Museum of Slovenia, inv. No. S 3420: iron spur, incomplete; left-hand plate broken off; parabolic yoke of triangular cross-section is slightly asymmetrical; yoke richly decorated with dense oblique incisions, forming the motif of a laurel wreath, decoration accompanied by silver and copper thread inlays; yoke terminates in triangular plates, decorated with oblique incisions; on the plates in the spot where they join the yoke 3 rivets in a cross-wise groove serving to fix the strap; prick relatively long with circular cross-section; prick divided crosswise by moulded rolls and decorated with small notches, prick conically terminated; dimensions: max. length 10.2 cm; max. width 10.5 cm; plate width 2.4 cm, prick length 3 cm (Figure 7, 13). 7. Pohansko near Břeclav / North-eastern suburb (CZ), Institute of Archaeology and Museology, Masaryk University Brno, Grave H 105, inventory number P243609: iron spur, damaged complete; parabolic yoke of triangular cross-section; extremely long prick; prick shape cylindrical pointed; yoke with moulded decoration of oblique moulded ribs; plate of slim shieldlike triangular form; plate decorated with oblique moulded ribs; at the straight edge of the plate in the spot where it joins the yoke there are 3 rivets with washers from non-ferrous metal in a cross- wise groove; dimensions: max. length 16 cm; max. width 9.4 cm; max. thickness 0.7 cm; yoke length 10. 6 cm; prick length 4.3 cm; weight 50 g (Figure 3: 4). 8. Pohansko near Břeclav / North-eastern suburb (CZ), Institute of Archaeology and Museology, Masaryk University Brno, Grave H 105, inventory number P243613: iron spur, damaged; parabolic yoke of triangular cross-section; extremely long prick, decorated with cross-wise grooves; prick shape cylindrical, terminating in a pyramid; yoke with moulded decoration of oblique moulded ribs; plate of slim shield-like triangular form; plate decorated with oblique moulded ribs; at the straight edge of the plate in the spot there used to be 3 rivets with washers from non-ferrous metal in a cross-wise groove; dimensions: max. length 16.4 cm; max. width 10.4 cm; max. thickness 0.7 cm; yoke length 11.5 cm; prick length 5 cm; weight 50 g (Figure 4: 8). 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VUGA, D. 1979,Trebenče. – Varstvo spomenikov 22, 345–346. WIHODA, M. 2014, Großmähren und seine Stellung in der Geschichte. – In: P. Sikora (ed.), Zentralisierungsprozesse und Herrschaftsbildung im frühmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa, Studien zur Archäologie Europas 23, Bonn, 61–91. WIHODA, M. 2016, Druhý život mojmírovských knížat. – In: J. Macháček, M. Wihoda (eds.), Pád Velké Moravy aneb Kdo byl pohřben v hrobu 153 na Pohansku u Břeclavi, Praha, 144–165. WOLFRAM, H. 2012, Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum: das Weißbuch der Salzburger Kirche über die erfolgreiche Mission in Karantanien und Pannonien. – Ljubljana. 1. Map of archaeological sites with finds of spurs of the Bašelj type Vestnik XXVII Slovani, naša dediščina / Our Heritage: The Slavs 149 2. Břeclav – Pohansko, Church cemetery in the North-eastern suburb. Plan with the marked position of graves with spurs of the Bašelj type 150 3. Břeclav – Pohansko, North-eastern suburb. Skeleton and finds from grave H 105. Grave goods: 105:1, 2 – P243607, P243608, knife; 105:3 – P243606, axe; 105:4 – P243609, spur; 105:5, 9 – P243610, P243615, buckle; 105:6 – P243611, loop; 105:7 – P243612, strap-end, all iron Vestnik XXVII Slovani, naša dediščina / Our Heritage: The Slavs 151 4. Břeclav – Pohansko, North-eastern suburb. Skeletons and finds from grave H 105. Grave goods: 105:8 – P243613, spur; 105:10 – P243614, loop; 105:11 – P243616, strap-end, all iron 5. Břeclav – Pohansko, North-eastern suburb. Spur of the Bašelj type (Institute of Archaeology and Museology, Masaryk University Brno, inv. No. P243609 and P243613, Photo J. Špaček) 152 6. Topographic map of the Gradišče above Bašelj site (according to Knific 1999, fig. 7) Vestnik XXVII Slovani, naša dediščina / Our Heritage: The Slavs 153 8. Gradišče above Bašelj. Spurs of the Bašelj type (National Museun of Slovenia, inv. No. S 2903 and S 2904) (according to Knific 2013,23, cat. No. 10) 9. Gradišče above Bašelj. Spurs of the Bašelj type (National Museum of Slovenia, inv. No. S 2832, photo: D. Pavlovič) 7. Spurs of the Bašelj type from Slovenia. Gradišče above Bašelj (1–5) and Gradišče above Trebenče (6). Iron (drawing: Dragica Knific Lunder: 1,2, Ida Murgelj: 3–6) 154 Vestnik XXVII Slovani, naša dediščina / Our Heritage: The Slavs 155 10. Gradišče above Bašelj. Spurs of the Bašelj type (National Museum of Slovenia, inv. No. S 2832, photo: D. Pavlovič) 12. Approximate location of early medieval objects at the Gradišče above Trebenče site (photo: © Agencija RS za okolje, drawing: D. Pavlovič). 11. Gradišče above Bašelj. Loop from the spur belt fittings (National Museum of Slovenia, inv. No. S 2714, photo: D. Pavlovič). 13. 156 Gradišče above Trebenče. Spur of the Bašelj type (© National Museum of Slovenia, inv. No. S 3420, photo: T. Lauko). Vestnik XXVII Slovani, naša dediščina / Our Heritage: The Slavs 157 15. Břeclav – Pohansko, North-eastern suburb. Radiocarbon dating. Combined date for grave H 105 14. Spurs with long pricks from the cemetery in the north-eastern suburb at Pohansko (grave H 105) and their analogues: 1–2: Pohansko, North-eastern suburb – grave H 105; 3–4: Gradišče above Bašelj (Karo 2012, 300); 5: Pohansko, Magnate court, first church – grave H 338 (Kavánová 1976, Tab. XVI); 6: Pohansko, Southern suburb – half-sunken hut No. 412 (Vignatiová 1992, 232); 7–8: Mikulčice – settlement layer (Kavánová 1976, Tab. XVI); 9–10: Stará Kouřim – grave 49a, 79 (Kavánová 1976, Tab. XVII; Šolle 1966, 150); 11: Libice – Kanín – grave 54 (Mařík 2009, 198); 12: Wallburg – Gaulskopf (Best 1997, 171) 158 Vestnik XXVII Slovani, naša dediščina / Our Heritage: The Slavs 159